Η Ματ. Τομαρά-Σιδέρη στην εκπομπή Άξιον Εστί του Βασίλη Βασιλικού, μιλά για την ιστορία του Αιγυπτιώτη Ελληνισμού, την διδασκαλία του στο Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο και παρουσιάζει το συγγραφικό της έργο. Επεισόδιο 21ο, προβολή 6-4-2013.
Κατά το ακαδημαϊκό έτος 2013-2014 η ΕΜΕΔΙΑ οργανώνει μια σειρά σεμιναρίων με θέμα την ελληνική διασπορά μέσα από φωτογραφικό και κινηματογραφικό υλικό και την λογοτεχνία.
Το εναρκτήριο σεμινάριο θα λάβει χώρα τη Δευτέρα 9 Δεκεμβρίου, στις 11.00 π.μ. στην αίθουσα σεμιναρίων της Βιβλιοθήκης του Παντείου Πανεπιστημίου.
Ο συλλέκτης – ιστοριοδίφης Ιωάννης Ζήλλης θα εισηγηθεί το θέμα:
“Οικονομική και κοινωνική ζωή της Ελληνικής παροικίας της Αιγύπτου μέσα από τον φακό της Ιστορίας”
Vanessa Alexakis
With no family or other obvious ties to the subject, Matoula Tomara-Sideri chose to study and research the Greeks of Egypt – a vibrant, prosperous and philanthropic community, which numbered in the hundreds of thousands until Nasser’s Egyptian Revolution – out of a special spiritual kinship, she tells Business File.
Her fascination and admiration for the Egyptiot Greeks has led her to research them extensively through hard to come by primary and secondary sources. This has led to a series of articles published in international and Greek historical journals, as well as authoritative books, which also include the study of Diaspora women and other topics. The Academy of Athens awarded her for her book Alexandrian Families – Choremis, Benakis and Salvagos, which showcases some of the better known families from the Greek community of Alexandria.
Tomara-Sideri is also busy at protecting the works of others as president of the Hellenic Diaspora Research Group, while also leading the research facility at the Historical Archive of the Greek Community of Cairo, and that of the Egyptiot Hellenism’s Research Club. She is also part of the editorial board of the Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora.
Tomara-Sideri can also be found teaching historical demography and related subjects, such as “Community Hellenism and Benefaction” regularly at Panteion University in Athens, where she earned her bachelor’s degree before pursuing a postgrad in historical demography – in addition to history and sociology – at the Sorbonne and at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris.
Portraits of the past: Professor Matoula Tomara-Sideri has done extensive research on the once flourishing Greek community of Egypt |
Can you tell us about your involvement with the study of Diaspora Greeks in Egypt; what triggered it?
The Hellenic Diaspora represents a prominent chapter of modern Greek History that was always of interest to me. My references to the Egyptiot Diaspora cover a period of almost two centuries – the 19th to the 20th centuries. It is a time when the eastern Mediterranean receives the western world’s expansion and influences, and takes part in the process of the contemporary world’s reshaping through national and liberation movements.
This journey from the Greek mainland to the Middle East’s communities and the large centres of Europe, and their return to Greece always keeps my interest alive. There are times that spiritual bonds are stronger than family ones. This is what happened to me, since I am studying for over a decade now Egyptiot Hellenism, respecting the memory of historical past and properly pointing out its importance, without a family connection or descent.
You’ve written extensively on the subject. How difficult has it been to gather information from primary sources for your work on the Greeks of Egypt?
A great part of my writing on Egyptiot Hellenism is about economic, social and political history. It is also about human history, that is, collective entities and eminent people of the time. As it always happens with the methodical work of historians when systemically inquiring forgotten testimonies, I was also led to dusty archives in Greece as well as in Egypt. I had to travel time and again to Alexandria and Cairo where the tracing of the Egyptiot Hellenism’s demographic development first became possible through the registries of the Alexandria Patriarchate and the Commissioner’s House in Cairo. Then I had to collect data from Greek Consulates, the Greek communities, the Alexandria and Cairo Chambers of Commerce. I also had to use personal and family archives as well as oral testimonies by descendants of the families I refer to.
Can you tell us about the flourishing community and how it changed over time, as well as of the prominent role Greeks played in Egypt’s famous cotton industry?
The Greeks’ settlement in modern Egypt took place at the beginning of the 19th century, during the Muhammad Ali period. The Greek community’s formation and course, its economic function mostly based on commerce, banking and exchange activities, river navigation, industry, as well as its privileged dealing with cotton reflect the era of its great flourishing in Egypt.
The Greeks were pioneers in cotton production, whether by introducing new methods of processing -Theodoros Rallis’ steam machines for instance, or by expanding production, such as Ioannis Zerbinis, who was the first to produce cotton oil and then soap, fertilizer and forage, or by creating new varieties of cotton, like N. Paracheimonas “Pelion”, Voltos Brothers’ “Voltos”, I. Sakellaridis’ “Sakel”, and others.
Greeks were also distinguished in commerce. It is worth noting that when, at the beginning of the 20th century, cotton represented 80 per cent of the total Egypt export, a quarter of this export was accomplished by five Greeks – Choremis, Benakis, Kazoulis, Salvagos, and Rodokanakis, along with their staff.
The total of Egyptiot Hellenism’s economic function and the powerful weapon of its continuous, tenacious, productive endeavour to invent new means, cotton varieties and innovations undoubtedly secured the high economic prosperity of the community as well as of the whole country. Thus epopeia [epopee] and eupeia [beautiful speech] are precisely the two emblematic signifiers summarising the historical trace of the Greek presence in the country of Nile in the context of Egyptiot Hellenism’s formation, growth and flourishing.
Professor Matoula Tomara-Sideri’s trilogy on the subject of Hellenism in Egypt is published by Kerkyra Publications- Economia Publishing house. Her first book, currently in its 4th edition is titled Alexandrian Families: Choremis, Benakis and Salvagos – and was winner of the Academy of Athens’ Kordela prize. Her second book, in its 2nd edition, it titled Greeks Of Cairo. Her latest book which was recently published is Egyptiot Hellenism: on the cotton roads. |
Egypt was ablaze with Greeks before they were forced to leave during Nasser. What is the most interesting part of the history of Greeks in Egypt for you?
There were two features of Egyptiot Greeks up to Nasser’s nationalistic revolution which forced them to leave Egypt, many of them returning to the national centre and becoming a part of the Greek state’s development and modernisation processes; Others either returned to Cyprus or continued their Diaspora journey to central and south Africa, Australia, Canada.
These features were the stability of their demographic development, as well as their tight community bonds that further promoted the spirit of solidarity and overall intellectual development of the community, an area where the intelligentsia, the Cairians G. Skliros and Stratis Tsirkas, as well as the uniquely idiosyncratic, charming Alexandrian Costantine. P. Cavafis, an intellectual figure of universal radiance, hold a special place.
You’ve also focused a lot on benefactors. Can you tell us about the Greek families you’ve researched in Egypt? Who were the biggest benefactors?
Besides Greek economic activity, the Greeks’ social contribution and the function of Egyptiot Euergetism [Benefaction] were indeed demonstrated. The latter significantly promoted the formation of national consciousness and identity, as well as the reconstruction of national state.
Among these Greeks, the names of Georgios Averof, Michael and Theodoros Tositsas, Nikolaos Stournaris, Pantazis Vassanis, Dimitrios and Alexandros Kassavetis, Theodoros Rallis were eminent. Indeed, some of them are among the distinguished personalities – Efstathios Glymenopoulos, Theodoros P. Kotsikas, I. D. Anastasi, Antonios Antoniadis, Nestoras Tsanaklis and others who contributed by expanding their benefaction activity to the host country and its people, to the strengthening and development of relations of wide recognition and reciprocation by the Egyptians. In fact, their names survived despite history’s turbulence and the complete turnover of the historical context through the Nasserian revolution, implying that the Egyptian society recognises the contribution of Greek benefactors to the realisation of its own historical scopes: For example, as Cozzika Station on the El Marg – Helwan railroad line, as Gianaclis Region at the 68th km of the Alexandria – Cairo Road, as Glymanopoulos Gallery in the Roman Museum of Alexandria, or as Antoniadis Garden included in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina complex, and so on, show.
The part Greek women played in Egypt covers a great part of the social contribution and the humanistic function. These exemplarily women developed remarkable activity at all levels of community life. They formed benevolent societies and charitable organisations serving the needs of the orphanages and the nursing homes in Alexandria and Cairo, thereby securing care and nursing of the community’s orphans, poor and aged persons.
Can you tell us about the role of Greek women in Egypt?
They also founded Egypt’s National Organisation of Greek Women that developed a rare social activity, among others, through international unions, such as the National Vigilance Association, the Traveller’s Aid Society, and others.
During the Balkan Wars and later, during the first and second World Wars, along with the Scientific Society “Ptolemy I”, they helped cover the needs of Greece as volunteers.
Athina Roussaki-Germanou, a teacher, talked at Port Said in 1912 about women’s compulsory education, while her colleague Kaiti Malandri proclaimed “make way for women” in April 1931 at Alexandria’s first Teacher’s Convention.
Overall, I would describe the role of women’s contribution to the community as a social intervention of enormous significance, as well as a kind of human ‘complementarity’ necessarily leading to individual functions.
What is your next research project or book going to be about?
I will keep researching the Hellenic Diaspora, studying more closely the history of Egyptiot Hellenism and extending my research to include other countries. I will once again focus on Euergetism – that is Benefaction – in the past and today.
I also teach the course “Community Hellenism and Euergetism” to the students of Panteion University, Athens, and some of their writings on the subject are published in the site of the Society for the Study of Hellenic Diaspora (E.Μ.Ε.ΔΙΑ) www.hellenicdiaspora.com under my direction.
SOURCE: www.economia.gr
A beautifully-filmed and poignant tale of the once-thriving Greek community in Egypt, told through interviews with returnees and archive footage. |
“I feel lucky. Everyone has a homeland. But we, the Greeks of Egypt, have two homelands. Sometimes I am asked: ‘How did you feel in Egypt?’ I felt at home. I was never a stranger.”
Popi Deligiorgi
Greeks and Egyptians are connected by ancient history. Both peoples are descendants of two of the world’s oldest known civilisations.
At the start of the 20th century there were about 200,000 Greeks in Egypt. Today, the Greek community there has approximately 1,000 members.
It was a community that once controlled 80 per cent of Egypt’s financial life, founded the first bank, established the country’s first theatres and cinemas, and produced the first wines and cigarettes.
But this thriving community departed with the rise to power of Gamal Abdel Nasser and pan-Arab nationalism.
This film follows several Greek citizens who undertake a return visit to Egypt, the land where they were born and raised.
They visit their old homes and neighbourhoods as well as former family businesses, and they search for the Egyptian friends they left behind.
Revealing a bygone era, we tell the story of Egypt’s once-thriving Greek community.
SOURCE: http://www.aljazeera.com
The Society for the Study of Hellenic Diaspora (SSHD) wants to thank for their support:
Pope and Patriarch Alexandria and all Africa, His Beatitude Theodoros II
The Archbishop of Sinai, Faran and Raitho Mr. Damianos
Ioannis and Maria Choremis (descendants of the Choremis family)
Argini Papadopoulos and Irene Choriatopoulos (descendants of the Salvagos family)
Alexander and Antonis Samaras, Emilia Geroulanos and Alexander Zannas (descendants of the Benakis family)
George Kotsikas, Maria Kotsikas, Irene Mantzounis, Alexandra Tompazis (descendants of the Kotsikas family)
Maria Karageorgiou – Kassabetis, Charikleia Karageorgiou, Alexander Karageorgiou, George Antonoglou (descendants of the Kassabetis family, founders of London Greek Community)
George Kartalis, Daphne and Nikitas Papantoniou (descendants of the Kartalis family)
Eleftheria Karavas-Kazoullis (descendant of the Kazoulis family)
Aigli Dimoglou, Olga Mavromatis and Yannis Koutis from the Municipal Centre of History and Documentation of Volos.
Helen Protopapas, President of the Foundation of Lyceum Club of Greek Women
The ambassadors Sirs. Alexios -Ioannis Zepos and Panagiotis Vlassopoulos
Mrs Konstantina Athanasiadis.
The President of the World Council of Hellenes Abroad Mr. Stefanos Tamvakis
The President of Association Of Greeks From Egypt, in Athens Krystallo Trimis, the G.C. Konstantinos Valvis, Michalis Kovaios “Eforos” of Cultural Events
Philippos Kossenas (f. President of Association Of Greeks From Egypt, in Athens).
The Presidents and the eminent members of Greek Communities of Alexandria and Cairo Sirs Chris Kavalis, Nikolas Vadis, Panagiotis Kafatsakis, Charalampos Katsimpris, Mary Kavouras , Epameinondas and Sotiris Sotiriou.
Mr Panagios Karmatzos and Mrs Katerina Trimis.
President V. Vafeiadis and all members of Alexandria Greek Chamber of Commerce
His Eminence Metropolitan of Zimbabwe and Angola Mr. Seraphim and the priest of Pantanassa in Johannesburg f. Minas.
The former Presidents of Greek Community Harare, Antonis Antoniadis and Yannis Stougiannidis, for their constant support in the research of history of Hellenic Diaspora in the area of central and South Africa.
The researcher and collector Yannis Zillis
The professor Evi Tastsoglou and Mr. Manos Charitatos
The Rectors of Panteion University and specifically Vice Rectors, Onoufrios Farmakidis and Antonis Moysidis.
The editors Alexandra Vovolinis (KERKYRA publications), Alexandros Papazisis (PAPAZISIS publications), Leandros Papathanasiou (Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora)
The Karelia Foundation
The I. F. Kostopoulos foundation
Koromvokis Panagiotis, Rakinas Achilleas and Nikos Sideris
Ο συγγραφέας – ερευνητής Ιωάννης Ζήλλης παρουσιάζει τον δρόμο του βαμβακιού από την Αίγυπτο στην Ελλάδα.
Society for the Study of Hellenic Diaspora (SSHD) offers a full range of historical research services including research, design, fabrication and installation of historical projects. SSHD Historical Research Services tailors its services to meet the unique requirements of each project.
Our primary goals include:
The Society for the Study of Hellenic Diaspora offers archival services – consultancy to Institutes and Organisations associated with Diaspora and its History.
Our primary goals include:
Previous Works
The Society for the Study of Hellenic Diaspora (SSHD) offered its services to the Greek Community in Cairo by establishing the Historical Archive, 1904 – 1990 of the Community. Our services included: Organizing and cataloguing of the Archive which extends from 1904 to 1990 and consists of over 1500 files.
The Society for the Study of Hellenic Diaspora organized an international conference, on June 6, 2008 in Athens, on “The Flight of Egyptiot Greeks” and attracted historians and researchers from universities of the UK, the USA, Egypt and Greece. The Conference was kindly supported by J. F. Kostopoulou Foundation. The focus of the conference, the exodus of the Greeks from Egypt in the 1950s and early 1960s inaugurated a new chapter in the study of the Greek diaspora and it also gave many Greeks from Egypt – known as Egyptiot – Greeks or more commonly as Egyptiotes—who are now settled in Athens an opportunity to learn and reflect on the final phase of the more than century-long significant and demographically extensive Greek presence in Egypt. It was also an occasion that enabled all participants to recall what is generally considered a long-standing amicable relationship between Egypt and Greece and one which withstood the strains of the Greek exodus.
We hope that the proceedings of the conference, here, will serve as a means of continuing the dialogue
The Greeks were pioneers in cotton production, whether by introducing new methods of processing -Theodoros Rallis’ steam machines for instance, or by expanding production, such as Ioannis Zerbinis, who was the first to produce cotton oil and then soap, fertilizer and forage, or by creating new varieties of cotton, like N. Paracheimonas “Pelion”, Voltos Brothers’ “Voltos”, I. Sakellaridis’ “Sakel”, and others.
At the beginning of the 20th century, cotton represented 80 per cent of the total Egypt export, a quarter of this export was accomplished by five Greeks – Choremis, Benakis, Kazoulis, Salvagos, and Rodokanakis, along with their staff.